Abandoned petroleum industry wells can be harmful to the environment by effects such as the leakage of oil, natural gas and brine into soil and drinking water (Will Downey, 2016). Despite the possibility of several dangerous effects they still have some potential to be useful. One of the potential uses is the extraction of geothermal energy from this kind of well. By using the abandoned hydrocarbon well to extract geothermal energy, besides saving the environment, it also can save the cost of drilling for the project. The project cost can be reduced by up to 60% (Toth et al, 2019). However, this utilization technique requires several conditions such as a good thermal gradient. In Hungary due to the thin crust, the heat flow makes it possible to make use of geothermal energy. In the study area, the temperature of the sediment can reach 60-70°C with the thermal gradient approximately 6°C/100 m (Less Gyorgy, 2011). Thus, the temperature will increase with depth (Jordan Hanania, Kailyn Stenhouse, 2015). The well in the study area has 2,794 m MD and it has five good aquifer zones from 867 m to 1310 m. Based on the theory and the uniqueness of the area, this abandoned hydrocarbon well meets the conditions for having geothermal energy potential. Due to those factors, the utilization of geothermal energy from this well can be achieved by mining the hot water. Based on calculations, the well can give a maximum temperature of hot water of approximately 70°C. Thus, the abandoned hydrocarbon well in the study area can be a productive geothermal resource, especially hot water production.
Most of the real life problems embroil uncertainties, imprecision and vagueness. Fuzzy multisets and Pythagorean fuzzy sets, initially suggested by Yager, are signicant mathematical models to handle such real world problems. By combining these two notions, a new kind of hybrid mathematical model is exists: Pythagorean fuzzy multisets. In this study, Pythagorean fuzzy multisets approach is applied to a multi-robot system to achieve better results using less effort and less time.
Background and aim of this study: Dental materials belong to the medical devices, which have a contact with human body in different time intervals (from short period- few minutes until few days) or long, when they affect the human body for a long period – years. The aim of this study was to compare cytotoxic properties of several dental materials on the cell cultures.\nMaterial and Methods: Six different products were chosen for the study alginate impression material (Elastic Cromo, SpofaDental), zinc phosphate cement (Adhesor, SpofaDental), tissue conditioner (FITT, Kerr), acrylic temporary crown and bridge material (TAB 2000, Kerr), heat curing acrylic resin (Superacryl Plus, SpofaDental), acrylic teeth (Mifam Super Lux, SpofaDental). Samples were tested for the cytotoxic properties by evaluation using the MTT test on VERO CCL-81 (ATCC) cell line. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA (in GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), with p-value<0.05 as a statistically significant.\nResults: The most cytotoxic potential was observed Adhesor sample (cell survival c.a. 5%) and the highest biocompatibility was observed for Mifam, Superacryl, and TAB 2000 (more than 70%). \nConclusion: When material has a cytotoxic properties, this does not completely cross out the product being developed as a Medical Device, but requires further appropriate testing. Because in the mouth materials can have a completely different effect than on isolated cell cultures.
Humic substances are the main and refractory component of natural organic matter nowadays are produced in industrial scale from low rank coals (lignite, leonardite), weathered coals and from paper industry waste mostly for application in agriculture and as biostimulant. A prospective and rich source of humic substances is peat. This paper aims to assess peat as a resource for production of humic substances and set the quality standards for peat HS that can be used for agricultural applications also in horticulture and hydroponics. Despite peat composition heterogeneity in bogs, full peat profiles can be used for the humic matter extraction. Peat HS have an intermediate position on the diagenesis scale between living organic matter and deeply humified natural organic matter, for example low rank coal. Chemical composition of peat HS depend on the peat age and decomposition degree.