Introduction : Haemovigilance program of India (HvPI) was initiated in the year 2012 and is continuous process of data collection and analysis of transfusion – relates adverse reactions in order to investigate their causes and outcomes to prevent recurrence. The present study was done to ascertain the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of haemovigilance among doctors and health care providers (HCP). The information thus collected would facilitate corrective and preventive actions to be taken to minimie the potential risk associated with blood collection processing and transfusion to patients.\nAims and Objectives:\na) To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of HCP regarding haemovigilance. \nb) To identify the factors which either encourage or discourage transfusion reaction reporting.\nc) Generate evidence based recommendation and create awareness amongst the HCP.\n Methods: It is a cross sectional, prevalidated questionnaire based study carried out among 405 doctors and health care providers in our hospital after obtaining their consent.\nResults: The response rate of the results was 98%. 70% of the responders had poor knowledge whereas, 10% of the responders had good knowledge about HvPI. The awareness of reporting of the transfusion reactions was unsatisfactory with only 21% of the responders having the adequate and relevant information.\nConclusions: In order to improve HvPI, it is essential to improve KAP of the HCP. This study will not directly benefit the participants, but their knowledge and practice will safeguard the wellbeing and healthcare of society. The understanding of KAP regarding HvPI among the HCP is the highest standing determinant of their active participation in HvPI implementation. Hence the present study has been done using the KAP model as a survey tool. \nKeywords: Haemovigilance, donors, reactions.

Throughput, energy efficiency and average packet delivery delay are one of the most crucial metrics that should be considered in wireless sensor networks. A MAC protocol named (MCA-MAC) for a wireless sensor network is proposed in this paper. MCA-MAC aims to improve the previous metrics and thus the overall performance of WSNs through the use of cooperative communication. It enables source nodes to use intermediate nodes as relays to send their data to the access point. It also acts as a cross layer protocol where the best end-to-end path between the source and destination is found through an efficient algorithm. Mathematical analysis demonstrates that MCA-MAC protocol is able to determine the optimal relay node that has the minimum transmission time for the given source-destination pair. Using simulation; MCA-MAC protocol shows an improvement in throughput, energy efficiency and delay when compared to TEC-MAC protocol under ideal and dynamic channel conditions.

Breast cancer is a common cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women\nworldwide. Studies have shown that breast cancer is a heterogeneous tumor with varying response to\ntreatments. The clinical use of doxorubicin in the treatment of cancer is limited by its cardiotoxicity which results in often fatal heart failure and the development of multidrug resistance. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and targets are underscored. Propolis has been reported to show a broad spectrum of biological activities including anticancer activity. \nIn this study, we investigated the role of propolis on the antitumor effects of DOX on breast\ncancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and its ability to provide protection against DOX-mediated damage on lung fibroblasts (MRC-5). Modifications in cell viability, apoptosis induction, cell cycle progression and P-gp activity of breast cancer cells in vitro were evaluated. \nPropolis combined with doxorubicin inhibited cell growth in a dose dependent manner by inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase and Caspase-dependent apoptosis. In the presence of propolis, the IC50 of DOX against MDA-MB-231 cells decreased by 10-fold. The increased sensitivity of cancer cells to the combined treatment was explained on the basis of the capacity of propolis to cause a significant increase in doxorubicin intracellular concentration in MDA-MB-231. Very interestingly, Algerian propolis showed its ability to inhibit efficiently P-gp function in comparison with verapamil, reference P-gp modulator, which proves the efficacy of propolis to reverse the resistance to doxorubicin. Our results showed also that propolis could protect normal cells from deleterious effect of doxorubicin by amelioration of cell viability.\nIn conclusion, the obtained results indicate that Algerian propolis potentiated the antitumor effects of DOX on breast cancer cells and could reduce the problem of multidrug resistance. Therefore, Algerian propolis may be an effective agent in a combined treatment with doxorubicin for increased therapeutic efficacy against breast cancer. Clinically, our results are relevant because with this combined therapy it may be possible to counter the problem of cancer cell resistance while reducing the problem of toxicity on normal cells.

Earth’s climate was changing even at faster pace than previously assumed rates with Pakistan’s timberline ecosystems were supposed to be the most vulnerable ones. The climatic data (1980-2013) was obtained from Pakistan Meteorological Department for 16 Districts in three provinces namely Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit Baltistan (GB) for climatic variables of temperature T(max) & T(min) and Precipitation (ppt.). The calculated change in avg. T(max),T(min) and Precipitation (ppt.) was 0.33°C, -2.72°C and 96.4 mm respectively. The study concluded a definite change in climatic factors proven significant statistically using three factor ANOVA with interactions for season wise comparison among the provinces. For pair wise comparison, LSD procedure was used and climatic variation among seasons was found significant for the study area at 5% level of significance. The primary data for change in forest cover area (14 %) and elevational shift (230 m) was used for correlation analysis. Climate change was a reality for timberline area of Pakistan as worldwide. Climatic factors were not only connected strongly with each other but also with forest elevational shift. The change in forest cover area has the weakest relation to the variation in climatic factors and seems to be an entirely anthropogenic matter.

The relationship between plant species and climatic factors is always a fundamental subject in plant ecology and using multivariate statistical methods, can be effective in detecting the relationship between these environmental factors and distribution of plant species. In this study in order to investigation of the climatic factors, salinity levels and soil type that affect the species plants types containing the Salvadora persica in addition to soil and water conservation in the areas under its distribution in Iran , antimicrobial , anti - wound , anti - infectious and anti - corrosive effects were investigated for this reason in the first step all climatic factors affecting the distribution of vegetation in Iran were studied and spatial distribution map of all these factors was drawn across the surface of Iran. In the next step, only effective climatic factors on distribution of plant types that containing salvadora persica were evaluated in around of Iran. the results showed that in all of Iran, 9 factors of temperature, relative humidity, winter precipitation, summer precipitation, average wind speed, semi-cloudy days, thunderstorm and snowy day with eigenvalues greater than one were 29.71, 22.32, 9.58, 7.52, 6.22, 6.80, 4.25, 3.69, 2.22 percent respectively and totally explained 92.35% of the variance the data. Since the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of climatic factors on the distribution of plant types including Salvadora persica in Iran. In the next stage, It was identified that in the regions under the distribution of this species (salvadora persica) in south of Iran The five factors of temperature, relative humidity, summer precipitations, wind and thunderstorm play a major role in the distribution of this species. Also by matching the pixels that containing this species with maps of soil type and salinity levels of Iranian soils was apparent that in areas where the above species are distributed as pure types (Salvadora persica) the soil type is semi-humid lithocell and salinity level is with low to relatively high salinity. And in areas that the above species are distributed in combination with Prosopis cineraria in the form of Prosopis cineraria - Salvadora persica types the soil type is sandy and salinity level is with low to relatively high salinity. The consequence of these factors has caused the distribution of this species to be confined to southern regions of Iran.

The article deals with problems of the discursive essay’ essence, theoretical and practical bases of using this method in professional training specialists of humanitarian sphere, conceptual approaches and elaborate stages of its writing. The article provides the assessment criteria, approaches for analyzing the level of efficiency based on the social issues. The article discovers common theoretical foundations of discourse, as well as logical and technological support of its realization, taking into account the peculiarities of discourse essay, which was not relevant before in the system of information-reproductive professional education. \nA diagnostic toolkit has been developed to evaluate the effectiveness of writing an essay as a factor in the formation of social-reflective competence of the future specialist. Current results of experimental research highlight the efficiency of practical implementation of the author\'s methodic in writing an essay on social subjects. In particular, the results have been analyzed due to the ascertaining stage of the experiment. Thus, they enabled to find out the most typical tendencies, as well as the drawbacks and disadvantages, which cause insufficient level of students\' readiness to use the essay method in the process of professional development.