Chronic liver disease (CLD) refers to a structural and functional change of the liver, which modifies the pharmacokinetics of multiple drugs, including hypoglycemic agents. This alteration depends on the severity degree of the liver disease, clinical characteristics of the patient, and comorbidities presence such as kidney disease and drug biochemistry. Insulin is considered a safe therapeutic strategy in patients with CLD, however, for many oral hypoglycemic agents, its use and dose adjustment will depend on the Child-Pugh score, taking into account the high risk of hypoglycemia of this type of patients.
The costs of Sustainable Buildings (SB) is the sturdiest information most spread about the use of related practices. The corollary is disparaging low adoption in the development of SB. Even though extensive inquiries into SB exist, the research norms applied rarely traversed the theoretical dimensions of the cost structure. Inadequately structured narratives also exist to dispel, approve, and position consistent knowledge about the true costs of SB. This paper engaged literature synthesis to provide factual expositions of SB cost drivers using social practice theory. Secondary literature comprising peer-reviewed publications spanning 20years bared practices underpinning the cost of SB. The findings showed that the cost of SB is enthralled in misperceptions and varies along with regional contexts and practices. The cost of SB is therefore contingent on implementation practices, stakeholders’ actions, and factors in the project environments. Stakeholders also propagate the high-cost misperception oblivious that cost is reducing through improvements in knowledge and practices. Varying cost premium allays that practices with higher efficiency experienced lower cost; the alternate position is also true about emerging markets with less developed practices. In order to reduce the cost of SB, stakeholders must improve knowledge about costs, seek practice innovation, and improve cost management and sustainability accounting.
Background/aim: Predator odor induces anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Stress has destructive effect on neuronal circuits in brain which gives rise to many psychological disorders. Furthermore, studies have shown the existence of AT1 receptors in brain which play a role in stress responses. This study intention was to investigate the losartan (AT1 antagonist) treatment effects on rat’s behavioral response undergoing predator odor stress and non-stress. \nMaterials and methods: Each of sham and stress exposed group was divided to 4 subgroups (n =8). In non-associated groups, the rats were exposed to an unscented piece of cloth, and in the associated groups the unscented cloth was replaced with a cat-scented cloth associated with a cue. The losartan and normal saline were injected one hour before predator odor exposure and the behavioral tests applied after 10 days. \nResults: Losartan significantly decreased the difference time spent in the compartment associated with the cue. In the EMP task losartan had also the same effect by increasing the time spent in the open arms. \nConclusion: In general, it can be concluded that induction of predator odor stress in rats resulted in anxiety, and the effect was reversed by losartan.
Scopolamine has frequently been reported to induce “memory deficit” in animals and humans. However, the possible role of non-cognitive effects of the drug in these impairments is often ignored. In the present study, the effects of scopolamine on various behaviors in the radial arm maze were recorded and the ability of physostigmine to reverse them was examined. Male Long-Evans hooded rats were trained on an 8-arm radial maze to consume drops of 0.1 ml of sweetened milk from the end of each arm. Once asymptomatic performance was achieved, the effects of scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg i.p. 20 min before testing) on (1) number of errors (re-entries into the arms), (2) the number of reward drops not consumed and (3) agitation were examined. In experiment 1, the number of errors, number of drops left and agitation scores were increased significantly comparing to saline-treated rats. In experiment 2, concomitant administration of scopolamine and physostigmine (0.25 i.p. 15 min before testing) significantly reduced the agitation scores and revealed a trend toward a decrease in the number of drops left comparing to scop-treated rats. However, in this experiment, scopolamine did not significantly increase the number of errors comparing to the saline-treated rats. Taken together, scopolamine induced a small but inconsistent increase in the number of errors. In contrast, there were significant effects of scopolamine on agitation and milk consumption in both experiments. These non-cognitive effects of scopolamine (which were attenuated by physostigmine) may indirectly lead to increase in errors.
Chitosan nanoparticle is novel technique for gene transformation into plants. It takes only half an hour to transform gene. UidA gene was detected in Escherichia coli (K12 strain) by polymerase chain reaction analysis using UidA-specific primers. The gene was transformed into two different plant species (Solanum tuberosum and Paulownia tomentosa). These plants have different nature as crop and woody plants respectively. Therefore, they have different abilities to express UidA gene. The gene expressed into blue color in plant tissues due to the formation and expression of GUS enzyme. The transformation of UidA gene detected morphologically by formation of blue color; and molecular using PCR.
Introduction: Enterobius vermicularis is one of the parasitic diseases involved in the etiology of acute appendicitis. Appendiceal diverticulitis is a rare clinical condition that often presents with the clinical manifestation of acute appendicitis.\nCase Presentation: A 57-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with complaints of abdominal pain and loss of appetite. The patient, whose physical examination and imaging modalities were compatible with acute appendicitis, was hospitalized. The explorative laparotomy showed findings consistent with acute appendicitis and appendectomy was performed. No problem was seen during the postoperative follow-up of the patient and she was discharged with healing. The examination of the pathology specimen revealed the coexistence of appendiceal diverticulitis and Enterobius vermicularis.\nDiscussion and Conclusion: Although many cases of acute appendicitis due to Enterobius vermicularis infestation have been reported, the coexistence of appendiceal diverticulitis with Enterobius vermicularis has not been reported in the literature. This histopathological confirmation is vital regarding giving the necessary anthelmintic treatment to the case infected with Enterobius vermicularis and her relatives she is in contact with and preventing the spread of infection.
Objective: Urinary bladder hernia is a clinical condition that mimics symptoms of inguinal hernia. It is vital to predict and prevent the iatrogenic bladder injury that may develop secondary to inguinal bladder herniation during inguinal hernia surgery, which is frequently performed, and to be able to determine our preoperative and perioperative surgical approaches. \nMaterial- Method: Patients with a diagnosis of inguinal hernia who underwent elective and emergency surgery between 2018 and 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Age, gender, body mass indexes, imaging modalities, operation techniques, duration of hospital stay, perioperative and postoperative morbidity and mortality of the patients were recorded. \n\nResults: Bladder herniation was found in seven patients, five of whom underwent elective surgery and two of whom underwent emergency surgery. The median age of the patients was 84 (min.52-max 89). Perioperative bladder injury was observed in two of the 6 patients who underwent computed tomography in the past year. Two patients, who had a bladder injury, underwent primary repair and were followed up with a foley catheter. Postoperative duration of hospitalization was 3.28 (2-7) days on average and the duration of hospitalization was prolonged up to an average of 6 (5-7) days in two patients with bladder injury. No postoperative mortality and morbidity were observed.\n\nConclusion: It should be taken into consideration that there may be urinary bladder herniation in the differential diagnosis of inguinal swelling in patients presenting with symptoms of inguinal hernia at an advanced age. There is a need for methods that may reduce the morbidity and mortality secondary to bladder herniation.
Pregnancy toxemia (P.T) is a metabolic disorder of goats carrying multiple fetuses during \nlate gestation. Present study was conducted first time in Pakistan to investigate the prevalence, \nhemato-biochemical profiles and therapeutics of pregnancy toxemia in beetal goat breed. A total \nof (N=100) pregnant beetal goats between 120 to 150 days of gestation with different age, \nparities, number of fetuses carried and management were examined through blood sampling for \npregnancy toxemia. Goats having β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) >3mmol/L of blood were \nconsidered positive for pregnancy toxemia via Freestyle optium kit. The hematological profiles \nwere determined through whole blood samples. The serum samples were obtained to determine \nthe biochemical changes total proteins, albumin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphate, GGT, BUN and \ncreatinine before and after treatment of pregnancy toxemic animals. Risk factors including, \nparity, age, fetuses carried, self-medication, grazing, housing, feeding quality and sanitation were \nsignificantly (p<0.05) associated with P.T. The hematological parameters including Pack cell \nvolume, total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and fibrinogen were high. \nBiochemical parameters total proteins, albumin were significantly low, while ALT, AST, \nalkaline phosphate, GGT, BUN and creatinine were significantly high before treatment and \nsignificantly improved after treatment. Twenty four positive goats were equally divided into two \ngroups A and B. Treatment consist 10% dextrose 500ml IV and 60ml propylene glycol orally \ntwice a day for consecutive three days in both groups whereas, group B additionally received \n0.15mg/kg recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) subcutaneously once daily for consecutive \nthree days. Efficacy of treatments in group A and B was 75% and 83.3%, respectively. Duration \nof therapy was shorter and significant improvement in hemato-biochemical parameters was \nobserved in goats received rbST, additionally. Overall high survival rate in both groups made it \ndifficult to scrutinize the treatment efficacy clearly. However, goats treated with rbST recovered \nquickly, more live fetuses were born and survived after kidding. In conclusion, the pregnancy \ntoxemia can affect the hemato-biochemical parameters and rbST at dose rate of 0.15mg/kg along \n10% dextrose 500ml once daily and propylene glycol 60ml twice a day for three consecutive \ndays might be suitable for the treatment of pregnancy toxemia in beetal goats.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the preventive effect of adrenomedullin (ADM) and melatonin (MEL) against cardiotoxicity induced by Doxorubicin (DOX). In the experiment, 32 Wistar albino male rats, 8 weeks old, weighing 300±50 g, were used. Subjects consisted of four groups: Control, Doxorubicin (DOX), Doxorubicin+Melatonin (DOX+MEL) and Doxorubicin+Adrenomedullin (DOX+ADM). For a week, 10 mg/kg melatonin was given to the DOX+MEL group and 12 μg/kg adrenomedullin to the DOX+ADM group intraperitoneally. On the 5th day, all groups were injected with a single dose of DOX (45 mg/kg) and control group was injected with a single dose of serum physiologic (SF) from the tail vein. On the 8th day, the animals were anesthetized and ECG recordings were obtained. Heart tissues were taken for biochemical and histological examination of subjects decapitated at the end of registration. Electrocardiographic, biochemical and histological differences were compared by applying Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests.\nThe QRS complex and QT interval prolonged with DOX shortened with ADM application. While melatonin significantly reduced histopathological changes caused by DOX, adrenomedullin did not show the same effect. DOX increased creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in cardiac tissue, while reducing glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Melatonin lowered CK-MB, MDA, GPx, interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Adrenomedullin only reduced MDA. \nAccording to the results of our study, DOX caused cardiotoxicity, melatonin reduced histological damage caused by DOX in the heart tissue and showed improvement in biochemical parameters, ADR partially corrected the ECG parameters.