Objective: Isolated cecal necrosis, a variant of ischemic colitis, is a rarely seen clinical condition. This study aims to evaluate the diagnosis and management of isolated cecal necrosis. \nMaterial and Methods: Seventeen patients operated with the presumptive diagnosis of acute abdomen and diagnosed as isolated cecal necrosis during the operation were evaluated retrospectively between December 2013- January 2020. \nResults: Nine of the patients were male, and eight were female. The mean age of the patients was 55.8 (range 22-85) years. All the patients had at least one co-morbid disease, the most frequent of which were coronary artery disease, hypertension, and chronic renal failure. Fourteen patients underwent right hemicolectomy, and ileotransversostomy, while two patients had right hemicolectomy and Mikulicz ileocolostomy, and one patient underwent partial colonic resection with Mikulicz ileocolostomy due to limited cecal necrosis, which was diagnosed earlier. Mortality was seen in six patients (% 35.29)\nConclusion: Isolated cecal necrosis must be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal with right lower quadrant localization, especially in patients with co-morbid diseases. Due to delayed diagnosis and complications such as perforation, isolated cecal necrosis had a high rate of morbidity and mortality.

Purpose:Acute mesenteric ischemia is a fatal vascular pathological condition requiring urgent surgical intervention, where early diagnosis significantly affects the prognosis.The aim of this study is to investigate the preoperative,perioperative and postoperative factors affecting mortality in patients who were operated with the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia.\nMethods:39 patients who were operated with the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia between January 2012 and January 2016 were evaluated.The patients were grouped as survivors(Group 1) and non-survivors(Group 2).Age,gender,concomitant disease history,clinical and laboratory findings,surgical treatment,remaining bowel amount,short bowel syndrome,ileocecal valve intactness, ostomy opening status, first 30 days mortality and morbidities were recorded.\nResults: Among Group 1 and Group 2 cases, respectively there was no statistically significant difference in terms of age,gender, concomitant disease,remaining bowel amount,short bowel syndrome,giving TPN support, ileocecal valve intactness and opening ostomy(p>0,05).Dialysis was found to be a risk factor for mortality(p = 0.020).\nConclusion: Acute mesenteric ischemia is a disease with high mortality, and prognostic factors that can predict preop and postoperative mortality are still being investigated. While it is observed that ileocecal valve intactness does not affect mortality, the preoperative urea and creatinine elevation and the need for postoperative hemodialysis may be a predictor of mortality.

Viruses are microorganisms that infect all kinds of living organisms (plants, animals and human). In case of plants, they cause remarkable lose in crop production. Viruses enter in human body and redirect body’s metabolism to produce large copies of their genome and proteins. The use of plants or plant products as antiviral agents are wider than their use in modern medicine. Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for different kinds of diseases including infectious diseases. Several plants could offer a rich reserve for drug discovery of infectious diseases, particularly in an era when the latest separation techniques are available and the human infectious diseases. There is an increasing need for substances with antiviral activity since the treatment of viral infections with the available antiviral drugs often leads to the problem of viral resistance. Many molecular, genetic engineering and genome editing techniques were used to enhance the antiviral activity of plants. The use of viral resistance factors from plants is considered one of the most important alternatives to face virus infections. Conventional breeding plays an essential role in crop improvement but usually entails growing and examining large populations of crops over multiple generations, a lengthy and labor-intensive process. The successful induction of antiviral RNA silencing crucially depends on the capability of the vsiRNA molecules to interfere specifically and effectively with viral protein translation and/or RNA replication.

Juncus acutus is salt tolerant rush with different geographical distribution. J. acutus is present in both hot and cool parts all over the world. In Egypt, the communities dominated by J. acutus are found in the littoral and inland salt marshes. Different populations of J. acutus were collected from different locations in Egypt (five locations), Britain (one location) and Spain (one location). Morphological description was estimated for the different populations of J. acutus from different locations with low significant difference in lower bracket length, number of flowers on inflorescence and stem diameter. Germination of their seeds has been tested under different conditions. Cytologically, all the chromosome number for Egyptian populations were 2n = 46, whereas for both British and Spanish populations were 2n = 48. All these variations could be explained due to the difference in geographical distribution and the salty nature of the plant soil.

Background and Purpose: Self-care is significantly important for patients with diabetes. Family-centered and patient-centered education in patients with diabetes can play an important role in controlling the disease and reducing effects of the disease. The present study aimed to compare effects of patient-centered and family-centered education methods on self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes. \nMaterials and Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes referring to diabetes clinics of certain hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 120 diabetics with inclusion criteria were randomly selected and assigned to patient-centered (n= 60) and family-centered (n= 60) groups. Data collection tools included the demographic questionnaire and a questionnaire of self-care activity in diabetes that were completed by interviews before and after the intervention in two groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 20 by Fisher\'s exact test, independent t-test, chi-square test, analysis of covariance, and repeated measures ANOVA.\nResults: The research findings indicated that there was a difference between mean of dimensions of self-care in diabetic patients before and after the intervention in the patient-centered and family-centered groups (P=0.001). Dimensions of self-care in the patient-centered group increased significantly in nutrition (P=0.001), physical activity (P=0.001), blood sugar control (P=0.026), foot care (P= 0.026), and adherence to medication (P=0.001) dimensions after intervention compared to before the intervention. Self-care dimensions in the family-centered group were significantly higher in physical activity dimensions (P=0.001), blood sugar control (P=0.004) and foot care (P= 0.035) after intervention compared to before the intervention. \nConclusion: Patient-centered and family-centered education were effective in improving the self-care of diabetics. Therefore, it is suggested conducting these educational interventions to increase the self-care in diabetics.

Serum analyses for vitamin A, β- carotene and iron concentrations were used in neonatal calves under different dietary conditions, to determine the effect of feeding commence with non-milk diets. Thirty Holstein- Friesian calves from day 1 after birth were allotted to three equal groups on the basis of time of receiving starter grain and alfalfa hay. Non- milk diet (starter grain and alfalfa hay) was added to group 1 at day 3 after birth. The feeding with non- milk diet in group 2 and 3 were started at days 7 and 14 after birth respectively. Serum vitamin A, β- carotene and iron concentrations were analyzed at 2, 4, 7, 14 21, 28 and 60 days of age. Biochemical analyses of serum samples of neonatal calves showed that serum vitamin A concentration in calves of group 3 at 21 days after birth was significantly higher than calves in group 2 (P< 0.05). Serum β-carotene concentration in calves in group 3 at 28 days after birth was significantly higher than those in calves in group 1 and 2 (P< 0.05). However, serum vitamin A and β-carotene concentrations did not show difference among groups in the other time points. Iron concentration of neonatal calves in group 1 at days 7 of life was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P< 0.05). While at days 14 and 21 after birth mean serum iron concentrations in group 1 was significantly higher than those in group 3 (P< 0.05). Increase serum iron concentration was shown in group 2 when compared to group 3 at day 21 of age (P< 0.05). The mean serum iron concentration of calves in group 1 and 2 are significantly higher than in calves of group 3 twenty-eight days after birth (P< 0.05). Serum analyses didn’t show any significant difference in iron concentrations of calves of three groups at day 60 of age.

Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), has built up a high level of resistance to various insecticides around the world. Because B. tabaci control still depends on the use of insecticides in Pakistan, monitoring of insecticide resistance of a B. tabaci population is necessary to achieve control and management of resistance. To monitor insecticide resistance in Punjab, Pakistan tested two insect growth regulators (IGR; Pyriproxyfen and Buprofezin), four neonicotinoids (Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Thiamethoxam, Thiacloprid) and two traditional insecticides (Bifenthrin & Chlorpyrifos) against B. tabaci collected from cotton in the Bahawalpur, Vehari, Lodhran, Multan and Faisalabad districts in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Based on the resistance ratio (RR) and LC50, most of populations showed a moderate to a high level of resistance to the tested insecticides as compared to the laboratory-susceptible strain but to IGRs the resistance levels were low. All populations of B. tabaci showed a moderate to a high level of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and thiacloprid resistance rates were from 19.78 to 65.72-, 7.60- to 50.99-, 17.18- to 54.65- and 6.49- to 47.49- fold. Traditional insecticides bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos had a very low toxicity with moderate to high level resistance. B. tabaci populations in some districts showed an annual difference in resistance to some insecticides such as Thiacloprid and chlorpyrifos. The data presented will help choose the right application of insecticides in the field for the effective management of B. tabaci in the future.