In this study, the reflection of the sun rays directly on the spherical lens and its focusing in this lens is examined. Energy collection efficiency of such a spherical surface has been analyzed. Compared with traditional sun fixed panel and sun tracker panel. An experimental device is made to test the solar intake from all directions, including scattering and reflections from spherical lenses. In order to obtain maximum energy from spherical lens, a microcontroller based spherical lens system has been developed that takes into account both solar azimuth and altitude angles. Thus, the sun was monitored on the spherical lens based on real time data. The control unit used in this study was the ARDUINO UNO and L293D Motor Driver with real time clock. A program that instantly calculates the sun\'s movements (azimuth and elevation angles) using the solar geometry throughout the day and year was loaded on the ARDUINO. The angle values calculated by this program were converted into pulse width modulation signals and the spherical lens system was controlled using these signals. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that more energy was obtained by using a microcontroller-based spherical lens system. In addition, a low cost and easily programmed control system has been obtained that monitors the sun in real time, ensures stable operation of the system and consumes very little energy.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) changes in visual pathways after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR) and to reveal the relationship between DTI findings and radiosurgery data.\nMethods: Thirteen patients with CSMs and 15 controls were included. The fractional anisotropy (FA), average diffusion coefficient (ADC) and radial diffusivity (RD) were measured from the visual pathways on DTI. Values of DTI were compared between healthy cases and patients, and between pre and post-GKR imaging at 12 months. Also association between these values and\nradiosurgery data were investigated.\nResults: No statistical differences were found in FA, ADC and RD values obtained at visual pathways before and after GKR. The FA values obtained from optic chiasm and occipital lobe were negatively correlated with the maximum and mean radiation dose to the prechiasmatic optic nerve and optic apparatus, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the RD values measured from the optic chiasm and the maximum radiation dose to the optic apparatus. A positive correlation was found between the ADC and RD values measured from the occipital lobe and the maximum and mean radiation dose to the optic apparatus.\nConclusion: Defining the radiation-related microstructural diffusion changes in visual pathways following GKR may provide useful information for tailoring radiosurgical approach and safety of the treatment. DTI may provide useful information to characterize changes of the radiation effects on visual pathways in patients with CSMs after GKR.

Using of ionizing radiation in medicine is increased. One of the more repeated X-ray tests is Radiography of pelvic. The gonads are susceptible to the pelvic area. Gonadal shielding is a useful method to reduce the received dose by gonads. Despite the benefits and protocols mentioned about the gonad shielding, it is used rarely. This study aimed to assess the attitude of radiographers about the application of gonadal shielding in conventional radiography and evaluate their performance concerning the shielding facilities in radiography unites. This study was cross-sectional and it carried out in 10 governmental hospitals Contains300 radiographs. The knowledge of radiographers on the use of gonad shielding is % 59.1. Despite the high sensitivity of the gonads and necessity of their awareness of the effects of gonad shielding and the laws relating to the use of gonad shielding, they didn\'t have enough information on this subject. Our study demonstrates the radiographer\'s performance towards the use of gonad shielding was very poor that can be described by lack of appropriate knowledge and awareness of radiographers, systemic weakness such as inadequate and inefficient surveillance, and also lack of patients\' awareness of the imaging methods.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is becoming a serious problem and frequently reported in adults. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae on the gut microbiota of Pashtun children. The gut microbial profiling of pediatric patients (mean age 2.8 ± 0.4) infected with MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae was carried out using Illumina high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS). Initially, MDR phenotypes of Enterobacter specie and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli were identified by screening 200 pediatric patients using the disk diffusion method. Gut microbial profiling of each of MDR Enterobacter strain, ESBL producing E. coli infected pediatric patients and two healthy controls was carried out using high throughput shotgun metagenome sequencing. NGS based microbial analysis revealed the abundance of Proteobacteria (45.6%) in pediatric patients infected with MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter spp and ESBL producing E. coli) while Actinobacteria (64.5%) and Firmicutes (33.1%) were the most abundantly detected bacterial phyla in the negative controls. NGS based microbial profiling revealed the predominance of bacterial species (E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Salmonella enterica) associated with opportunistic pathogenic-infections in MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae infected pediatric patients. NGS based resistome analysis of MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae infected pediatric patients revealed the abundant presence of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) associated with efflux pumps (acrA, acrB, mdtA, mdtB), beta-lactam (blaTEM-116, blaAZECL-25, blaCMH-2, blaCMH-3), aminoglycoside (AGlyRmtB, AGlyStrB, rmtB1), tetracycline (Tet(A), Tet(34), TetA(46)), quinolone (QnrS1), rifampin (rpoB, rpoB2), and peptide antibiotics (pmrF, ugd, yojI). The gut microbial profiling of pediatric patients infected with MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae revealed dysbiotic gut microbiota compared to the negative controls. The finding of the present study indicates dysbiotic gut microbiota composed of diverse ARGs in Pashtun children infected with MDR diarrheagenic Enterobacteriaceae.

Environmental exposure to arsenic, is a major concern in many industrialized countries. Although metals occur naturally in the environment but human activities cause more metals releases and have altered the natural cycling of the elements. These exposures occurs mostly from diet (water and food consumption), inhalation from air and metals related occupational exposure like leaded gasoline, industrial processes such as smelting of lead and its combustion, pottery, boat building, mining industry, exhaust fumes of vehicles, metal based painting, metal containing pipes, battery recycling, grids, arm industry, pigments, printing of books, etc Exposure to arsenic may affect nutrient metabolism and can cause a variety of health effects in human. Cancer, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicicty, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, brain damage, lungs damage, gastrointestinal distress and haematological alterations are the most frequently documented health implication associated with arsenic intoxication. Consequently, this this paper provide a deep understanding of arsenic, their sources, routes of exposure, the mechanisms of occasioning their toxicity, health implications in human and to identify substances that contribute to overcome their hazardous effects in human.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare pin configuration effects on early secondary displacement in the surgical treatment of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures (SCHF). We hypothesised that more pins usage in Type III SCHF provides more stability.\nMethods: The study consisted of 100 (68M, 32F) children who underwent surgery between 2010 and 2013 for Gartland Type 3 (SCHF). The patients divided into five groups according to pin configurations. Bauman angle (BA), Humerocapital angle (HCA), Anterior humeral line (AHL), flexion range, extension range, and Carrying angle (CA) were compared at preoperative, postoperative 1. day, postoperative last control, and non-operated side. The mean follow-up time was 24,96±11,06 months.\nResults: There was no statistical difference between all five subgroups in terms of BA, AHL, HCA, and CA was the same at postoperative 1. Day and postoperative last control. Also, there was no statistically significant difference observed between age, sex, and type of fracture. Five of the cases have pin site infection and in three patients occurred ulnar nerve injury due to initial trauma. \nDiscussion: After a good and gentle reduction and early treatment of pediatric SCHF, all pin configurations maintain the alignment. All pin configurations can be used for stabilization.

Let G = (X;E) be a simple graph of order n. Among the many existing\nparameters of partitioning, we are interested in the algorithmic\naspect of partitioning edges into paths.\nThe partition of edges into paths is a partition of the set E into disjoint\nsubsets C1;C2;C3; ::::;Ck, where Ci is a path, i = 1; :::;k. The path number,\ndenoted by P(G), is the minimum number of paths in a partition.\nIn this paper, we propose polynomial algorithms for the determination\nof path number of a tree and a cactus.