Agricultural waste biomass has already been transferred to bioethanol and used as energy related products, although many issues such as efficiency and productivity still exist to be overcome. In this chapter, the protein engineering was applied to generate enzymes with completely reversed coenzyme specificity and developed recombinant yeasts containing those engineered enzymes for construction of an efficient biomass-ethanol conversion system. Recombinant yeasts were constructed with the genes encoding a wild type xylose reductase (XR) and the protein engineered xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) (with NADP) of Pichia stipitis. These recombinant yeasts were characterized based on the enzyme activity and fermentation ability of xylose to ethanol. The protein engineered enzymes were expressed significantly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as judged by the enzyme activity in vitro. Ethanol fermentation was measured in batch culture under anaerobic conditions. The significant enhancement was found in Y-ARS strain, in which NADP+-dependent XDH was expressed; 85% decrease of unfavorable xylitol excretion with 26% increased ethanol production, when compared with the reference strain expressing the wild–type XDH.

Finding sustainable solutions for the present global energy needs compels us to look after renewable energy resources. Conventional electronic technologies utilizing these resources offer obvious disadvantages such as low biocompatibility and biodegradability. Materials possessing biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity with increased performance are sought after by researchers in the field of organic electronics. The recent emergence of “Green electronics” indicates this shift in the field. The potential of many biomaterials for organic electronics applications has been realized fairly thoroughly. Out of these Humic Substances forming a significant part of biomass are relatively unexplored for applications in electronic devices. A large literature exists which explains their chemical, biological and geological properties with applications in the field of agriculture and bio-medicine. However, research on their potential for electronic device applications has been comparatively low. Some of the recent investigations on humic substances, particularly on humic acids, reveal them to be a suitable candidate for the fabrication of a variety of electronic devices (Batteries, Supercapacitors, Solar Cells etc.). Easy availability, low-cost production, and environmental friendliness further add to their suitability. In the present review, we have discussed various important aspects of humic substances (chemical, electrical and optical) and attemptedto put forth the role these substances could play in electronic device making. A survey of pastresearch work on humic substances-based electronic devices is also presented. Furthermore, from a futuristic viewpoint, potential areas of investigation (e. g., Ferroelectricity, Supramolecular electronics etc.) have been touched upon.

Integration of remote sensing Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the exploration of groundwater resources has become a major breakthrough in the field of groundwater research, which assists in assessing, monitoring, and conserving groundwater resources. In this paper, an attempt has been made in the Groundwater Potential Zonation Mapping of Vasishta sub-basin in the Vellar river flowing in Salem and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu using geospatial technique. Primary, secondary, and field data are systematically generated. A set of thematic layers has been generated in the GIS platform, viz. geology, geomorphology, lineament density, drainage density, land use/land cover, rainfall, slope, and soil, were transformed into raster data using tools in ArcGIS. The thematical layers have been validated with the help of GPS readings, in the field and necessary corrections were carried out. Each thematical layer was assigned weightage based on the relation to the occurrence and movement of groundwater, using a quantile statistical method. The entire sub-basin has been delineated as very low, low, moderate, high, and very high groundwater potential zones. The groundwater potential zonation map is much helpful for farmers and technocrats, those who want to implement groundwater management and developmental strategy in Vasishta sub-basin.

In current work, modified HKM Plus Association (mHKM-CPA) EoS together with the Reaction Equilibrium Thermodynamic Model (RETM) was employed to correlate H2S solubility in five carboxylate ionic liquids including [emim][Ace], [bmim][Ace] and [hmim][Ace]. The RETM proposes an AB2 type reaction mechanism between IL (B) and H2S (A) in the liquid phase. Moreover mHKM-CPA EoS contributes for VLE calculations. H2S and ILs, as association components, assumed to follow 4C and 2B association schemes respectively. \nAfter pure components parameters calculation using mHKM-CPA EoS, the binary systems were investigated applying RETM. For these systems, AAD% equal to 1.99, 5.39 and 5.83 were obtained for all ILs respectively.

Introduction: Wound healing is a process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Any insult in the process delays the wound healing. The antibiotics have a role in preventing infections and thereby facilitate process of wound healing. Mupirocin is used for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes or methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections. On the other hand, chitosan and collagen are shown to facilitate wound healing. Thus, this study intends to compare mupirocin application versus mupirocin with chitosan and collagen application on incised wounds in Wistar rats. \nMethods:Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (5 rats per group) namely control, mupirocin and mupirocin+chitosan+collagen groups. After overnight fasting, the incision wounds with interrupted sutures were created on dorsum of animals. The animals in group 2 and 3 received topically Mupirocin and mupirocin plus chitosan and collagen daily for ten days . The control group received no topical ointment. The sutures were removed on day 7 and wound breaking strength was measured on day 10. \nResults: The breaking strength of both mupirocin and mupirocin+chitosan+collagen groups were statistically higher than control group. Although the chitosan and collage addition has has increased the breaking strength, there was no statistical difference between mupirocin and mupirocin+chitosan+collagen groups\nConclusion: Mupirocin and mupirocin+chitosan+collagen groups show better healing in rat incision wound model when compared to control group.

This article is devoted to the research of the possibility of exercising public control in relation to the President of the Russian Federation. The article substantiates the concept of public control in Russia, and also analyzes the current problems associated with the consolidation in the legislation of Russia of the concept and list of objects of public control. This will not only solve modern problems associated with the implementation of public control in the Russian Federation in relation to the President of Russia, but also ensure the full development of public control as a promising civil society institution.

This article is devoted to constitutional legal analysis of international legal bases of the legislation of the Russian Federation on public control. The work substantiates the position that to understand the constitutional legal mechanism of public control in Russia it is necessary to study the international legal framework of control of civil society over public authority in connection with the implementation of generally recognized principles and norms of international law in the legal system of the Russian Federation as a priority the rules of the legal regulation under Part 4 of Article 15 of the Constitution.

This article is devoted to the constitutional and legal analysis of the place of the Institute of public control in the mechanism of implementation of the constitutional principle of democracy in the Russian Federation. The article substantiates the position that the institutionalization of the category “public control” in constitutional law requires the study of its place and role in the compositional structure of democracy, serving in turn, the constitutional and legal guarantee for its implementation.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of implementing such a principle of organization and activity of executive authorities in the Russian Federation as collegiality and unity of command. The authors identified the main shortcomings and imbalance in the implementation of the principle of collegiality and unity of command as the main organizational and legal forms of activity of executive authorities in modern conditions, and also developed proposals to eradicate imbalances in the work of collective and single-executive bodies of executive power.